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Study in the app →Mandarin Chinese · HSK 3.0 Band 2 · Chapter 9
他跑过来了 He came running over
Directional complements: V + 来 / 去 (toward / away from the speaker), V + 上 / 下 / 进 / 出 / 起 / 过 / 回 / 开 + 来 / 去 (action + trajectory + speaker-orientation). One long chapter that gathers every "verb + direction" compound the learner will need for everyday motion descriptions.
บทสนทนา
他跑过来了 — He came running over
- 张天 大卫, 你在地铁站旁边吗? 过来吧! David, are you next to the subway station? Come over!
- 大卫 我在那家的前面. 我走过去吗? I'm in front of that place. Should I walk over (to you)?
- 张天 不, 你过来. 我在你的左边. No, come over (here). I'm on your left.
- 大卫 好, 我跑过来. OK, I'll run over.
- 张天 他跑过来了! Here he comes!
บทสนทนา
请进来, 站起来 — Please come in, stand up
- 张天 大卫, 请进来. David, please come in.
- 大卫 好. 我进来了. OK. I'm in.
- 张天 请你站起来, 拿出来一本书. Please stand up and take out a book.
- 大卫 是这本吗? Is it this one?
- 张天 是. 然后我们出去吧. Yes. Then let's go out.
บทสนทนา
你上来还是我下去 — Are you coming up, or shall I go down
- 张天 大卫, 你在下面? 你上来吧. David, you're downstairs? Come up.
- 大卫 上来? 你下去吧. 那家在下面. Up? You come down. The place is down here.
- 张天 好, 我下去. 你不要走. OK, I'll come down. Don't move.
- 大卫 我们一起去? 然后回来这儿? We go together? Then come back here?
- 张天 是. 我回去拿东西, 我们出发. Yes. I'll go back and grab my stuff, then we set off.
คำศัพท์
| 汉字 | พินอิน | ชนิดคำ | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|---|
| 上来 | shàng//lái | v.compl. | come up (toward speaker, going up) |
| 下去 | xià//qù | v.compl. | go down (away from speaker, going down) |
| 进来 | jìn//lái | v.compl. | come in (toward speaker) |
| 出去 | chū//qù | v.compl. | go out (away from speaker) |
| 回来 | huí//lái | v.compl. | come back (toward speaker) |
| 回去 | huí//qù | v.compl. | go back (away from speaker) |
| 过来 | guò//lái | v.compl. | come over (toward speaker) |
| 过去 | guò//qù | v.compl. | go over (away from speaker) |
| 起来 | qǐ//lái | v.compl. | rise; get up; (also: metaphorical "come into being") |
| 拿出来 | ná chū lái | v.compl. | take out (V + complement chain: 拿 + 出 + 来) |
| 走过去 | zǒu guò qù | v.compl. | walk over (V + complement chain: 走 + 过 + 去) |
อักษรใหม่
| 汉字 | พินอิน | ชนิดคำ | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|---|
| 跑 | pǎo | run (Bk2) 跑步 pǎobù — go for a run |
อักษรจีน — เขียนและจดจำ
jìn enter; come / go in เขียน
Phono-semantic compound: 辶 (walking) radical + 井 (jǐng, phonetic — "well"). Original sense: "to walk forward / move toward". Modern: "enter / proceed". 进来 / 进去 are the speaker-anchored pair (toward me / away from me). 进 also extends to abstract "make progress" — 进步 (progress, later levels).
chū go out; out of (revisit ch3, here as movement complement) เขียน
huí return; go back เขียน
Associative compound: nested squares depicting a cycle — "to circle back / return to origin". As a verb: "return / go back" — 回家 (go home), 回去 (go back away from me), 回来 (come back toward me). Pairs with 来 / 去 in the speaker-anchored system.
lái come (Level 1 revisit; here as the speaker-toward complement marker) เขียน
shàng up; on (Level 1 revisit; here as a directional complement) จดจำ
xià down; under (Level 1 revisit; here as a directional complement) จดจำ
qǐ rise; get up (in 起来 = stand up / rise / "come into being") จดจำ
kāi open; start; drive (in 开车 = drive) จดจำ
ná take; grasp; hold จดจำ
zǒu walk; go (Level 1 revisit; in 走过来 / 走过去) จดจำ
pǎo run จดจำ
ไวยากรณ์
趋向补语 — directional complements Directional complements — V + trajectory + speaker-orientation
"趋向补语"是动词后面跟方向词, 表示动作的方向。两个层次: (1) 简单形式: V + 来/去, 指动作朝着或离开说话人。"过来"="到我这儿来", "过去"="离开我去那边"。(2) 复合形式: V + 上/下/进/出/起/过/回/开 + 来/去 = 动作 + 路线 + 说话人方向。"走过来"="朝我走过来", "拿出来"="从某处拿+出+到我这儿来". 关键是"来 / 去"以说话人为参照点: "来"=朝我; "去"=离我。"上下进出回起过开"是路径, 跟动词一起说明怎么走.
A directional complement is a direction word following a verb to specify how the action moves. Two layers: (1) Simple form: V + 来 / 去 — anchored to the SPEAKER's position. 来 = "toward me", 去 = "away from me". So 过来 = "come over here", 过去 = "go over there". English doesn't mark this; learners often miss it. (2) Compound form: V + trajectory + 来 / 去 = action + path + speaker-orientation. 走过来 = "walk-over-toward-me" (someone walking toward me), 拿出来 = "take-out-toward-me" (someone taking something out and giving it to me). The trajectory pieces — 上 / 下 / 进 / 出 / 起 / 过 / 回 / 开 — describe HOW the motion happens; 来 / 去 anchor it to the speaker. Critical mental model: every compound is "Verb (do what?) + path (which way?) + 来/去 (toward / away from me?)". Once you can decode in those three slots, the system clicks.
- 他跑过来了. Tā pǎo guolai le. He came running over (toward me).
- 请进来. Qǐng jìn lái. Please come in.
- 我们出去吧. Wǒmen chū qù ba. Let's go out.
- 走过去, 不要走过来. Zǒu guò qù, bú yào zǒu guò lái. Go over there, don't come over here.
- 请你站起来. Qǐng nǐ zhàn qǐ lái. Please stand up.
- 他拿出来一本书. Tā ná chū lái yì běn shū. He took out a book.
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